preamble

     VARIOUS SOURCES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

1. Government of India act of 1935: The Government of India Act of 1935 converted the government form of India into a federal form. The powers of the central and state were separated, and the state would run under the central government. This feature was strongly opposed for fear that the states would become slaves to the center and the states’ powers reduced. Nevertheless, the Act became the basis for negotiation between the Indians and the British for independence.  Federal scheme office of Governor, Judiciary, Public service commissions, Emergency provisions and Administrative details. 

2. British constitution: The British ruled India because of their political power and control over Indian troops.  The main feature is the unwritten and evolutionary nature of the British Constitution. The British Constitution is unitary-in nature, and the parliament possesses power over all the laws and amendments. Parliamentary Government, rule of law, legislative procedure, single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary privileges and bicameralism. 

3. US Constitution: The US Constitution is one of the shortest Constitutions and the first Written Constitution around the globe. The US Constitution is rigid in its format and consists of only 7 articles and 27 amendments. The Indian Constitution, on the other hand, is the lengthiest Constitution written to date. It consists of 12 schedules and 448 articles in 22 parts. The Indian Constitution is a quasi-federal Constitution which means it can change its form with respect to the circumstances. The major influence of the Indian Constitution reflects that of the American Constitution. Fundamental Rights, Independence of judiciary, Judicial review, Impeachment of the President, Removal of supreme court and high court judges and post of vice president. 

4. Irish Constitution: The Irish Constitution is the fundamental legal document that sets out how Ireland should be governed and the rights of Irish citizens. Main institutions of the Irish State. Power in Ireland is divided between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Directive principles of state policy, Nomination of members of Rajya Sabha and member of election of president.  

5. Canadian Constitution: Canada is regulated by both written and unwritten laws, while India is regulated as by the written constitution. Political arrangement: Canada possesses a monarchical arrangement, while India has the President as the head of the State. Federation with a strong center, vesting of residuary powers in  the center appointment of state governors by the center, and advisory jurisdiction of the supreme court. 

 6. Australian Constitution:
 Australia has a democratic constitution. The Australian Constitution terms Australia, A self governing colony. It provides for a bicameral parliament. The members of the House of Representatives are directly chosen by the people of the Commonwealth. Concurrent list, freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse, and joint sitting of the two house of parliament.

 7. Weimar Constitution of Germany: The Weimar Republic adopted a new constitution , different to that of the previous monarchy . Under the new republic, all adults over the age of twenty could vote. Instead of a monarch, there was a president elected every seven years. Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency.

8. Soviet Constitution [USSR now Russia]: 

Soviet constitutions declared certain political rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion, and inline with the state Marxist-Leninist ideology also identified a series of economic and social rights, as well as a set of duties of all citizens. Soviet constitutions declared certain political rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion, and inline with the state Marxist-Leninist ideology also identified a series of economic and social rights, as well as a set of duties of all citizens. Fundamental duties and the ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in preamble. 

9. French Constitution: It is typically called the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and it replaced the Constitution of the Fourth Republic of 1946 with the exception of the preamble per a 1971 decision of the Constitutional Council. Republic and ideals of Liberty, Equality and fraternity in the preamble.

 10. South African Constitution: South African Constitution emphasizes non-racialism and non-sexism and provides for a wide range of socio-economic rights. Procedure for amendments of constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.

11. Japanese Constitution: people's sovereignty, and pacifism. The three main characteristics of the Japanese constitution are – fundamental human rights. Procedure established by law.